Applicable cables: PCIe4.0, PCIe5.0, PCIe6.0, etc.

PCIe 5.0/6.0/7.0 High-Speed Cables
PCIe 5.0 High-Speed Cables
PCIe (Peripheral Component Interconnect Express) is a high-speed interface standard and is extensively used for communication between devices within computer systems, such as graphics cards, network cards, and hard drives. The PCIe 5.0 is the fifth generation of this standard, offers significantly increased data transfer rates and expanded bandwidth. The theoretical maximum bandwidth of PCIe 5.0 can reach 64GB/s, with each lane capable of a 16GB/s bidirectional transfer rate.

Applications of PCIe 5.0 High-Speed Cables
These high-speed cables are primarily utilized for internal data transfer in data servers, particularly in high-performance computing environments like AI and liquid-cooled servers. They meet the demands for rapid data transfer in big data servers, data centers, and various embedded applications.

Design and Manufacturing of PCIe 5.0 High-Speed Cables
The design and manufacturing of PCIe 5.0 high-speed cables involve a complex process, taking into account considerations for high-speed signal design and the selection of high-speed substrates. With the release of the PCIe 5.0 specification, corresponding adjustments and optimizations in PCB (Printed Circuit Board) design are necessary to ensure signal stability and transmission efficiency.

Markets of PCIe 5.0 High-Speed Cables
Although PCIe 5.0 high-speed cables support ultra-fast data transfer rates, their higher price tags have made them a point of interest for professional users and avid gamers. PCIe 5.0 SSDs can easily surpass 12000MB/s in sequential read/write speeds, but they are significantly more expensive than equivalent-capacity PCIe 4.0 products.

Future Development of PCIe 5.0 High-Speed Cables
The PCI-SIG organization has released the CopperLink cable specification, applicable to PCIe 5.0 and 6.0, offering data transfer rates of 32.0GT/s (PCIe 5.0) and 64.0GT/s (PCIe 6.0). This specification seamlessly integrates PCIe cables with the basic electrical specifications of PCIe, providing longer signal distances and topological flexibility.

Conclusion
In summary, PCIe 5.0 high-speed cables are an essential component of modern computer systems, providing robust support for high-performance computing and data transfer. As technology continues to advance, we can anticipate the application and development of PCIe 5.0 and its subsequent versions in an even broader range of fields.

PCIe 6.0 High-Speed Cables
Overview of PCIe 6.0 High-Speed Cables
The PCIe 6.0 high-speed cable marks a significant milestone in data transfer technology. This new generation of cables boasts a link speed of 64GT/s per channel, effectively doubling the data transfer rate of its predecessor, PCIe 5.0. This leap in performance is particularly crucial for high-performance computing sectors such as data centers, artificial intelligence, and machine learning servers, as it meets the escalating data processing demands of these fields.

Applications of PCIe 6.0 High-Speed Cables
These cables are primarily designed for internal data transfer within various big data servers, including those for AI and liquid cooling. The cables are engineered to address the needs of data centers and high-performance computing environments, maintaining the same bandwidth over longer distances as copper cables. This capability is vital for the construction of large-scale AI and machine learning servers.

Future Developments of PCIe 6.0 High-Speed Cables
As technology continues to advance, PCIe 6.0 high-speed cables are expected to offer even higher data transfer rates and lower power consumption. As of October 2024, the development of PCIe 6.0 high-speed communication cables is ongoing, indicating steady progress towards product realization. The PCI-SIG has already initiated work on the development of CopprLink cables for the 128.0 GT/s PCIe 7.0 technology, demonstrating their ongoing commitment to high-speed cabling solutions. This suggests that PCIe 6.0 high-speed cables are just one step towards even more advanced data transfer technologies, with many more breakthroughs on the horizon.

Conclusion
The PCIe 6.0 high-speed cable represents a major advancement in data transfer technology, providing high-performance computing and data centers with faster data transfer speeds and greater bandwidth. Although still in the development phase, its potential is already recognized by the industry. As the technology matures and products are launched, PCIe 6.0 high-speed cables are poised to become a key technology driving the development of future electronic devices.

PCIe 7.0 High-Speed Cables
Overview of PCIe 7.0 High-Speed Cables
The forthcoming PCIe 7.0 represents a significant advancement in computer interconnect technology, designed to double the data transfer rate per pin to 128 GT/s, effectively quadrupling the 32 GT/s of PCIe 5.0 and doubling the 64 GT/s of PCIe 6.0. This enhanced speed is poised to be a boon for future data centers and applications demanding swifter data transfer rates, including those in artificial intelligence and high-performance computing.

Technical Features of PCIe 7.0
The high-bandwidth nature of PCIe 7.0 positions it as a key player in data centers, AI, and high-performance computing, facilitating larger-scale data transfers and expedited computation. With the increased rate, PCIe 7.0 can achieve a one-way bandwidth of 256GB/s in an x16 configuration, significantly enhancing the performance of data-intensive applications. However, the speed boost also presents technical challenges such as signal integrity, power management, and thermal design, necessitating the adoption of more advanced physical layer technologies and materials.

Development History of PCIe 7.0
The journey of PCIe 7.0 began in 2022 when the PCI-SIG announced the specification at their developer conference. By the following year, the PCI-SIG had completed the first draft version 0.3 of the specification, which was then distributed to members, marking the official commencement of the PCIe 7.0 standard development.

Comparison with Other Versions
In comparison to PCIe 5.0 and 6.0, PCIe 7.0 doubles the bus frequency at the physical layer. Additionally, the standard retains pulse amplitude modulation with four-level signaling (PAM4), 1b/1bFLIT mode encoding and forward error correction (FEC) technology used for PCIe 6.0. The PCI-SIG has indicated that the PCIe 7.0 specification also focuses on enhanced channel parameters and reach, as well as improved power efficiency.

Application Prospects of PCIe 7.0
The high-bandwidth capabilities of PCIe 7.0 offer broad application prospects in data centers, AI, and high-performance computing, supporting larger-scale data transfers and faster computation speeds. With the introduction of this new standard, hardware manufacturers, system designers, and software developers must collaborate to build an ecosystem compatible with PCIe 7.0, including processors, storage devices, and network cards that support the new standard.

Conclusion
In summary, PCIe 7.0 high-speed interconnects symbolize the future trajectory of computer interconnect technology. Its high bandwidth and efficiency are set to bring revolutionary changes to data centers, artificial intelligence, and high-performance computing sectors.

Applicable cable: QSFP

Applicable cables: CAN bus, LIN bus, CANFD bus, FLEXRay bus, MOST bus, HSD bus, also for industrial Ethernet Profinet bus standard cables.

Automotive Bus

Overiow of Automotive Bus
Automotive Bus is the critical data transmission pathways that interconnect various electronic systems within a car. They are extensively utilized across different automotive systems, including but not limited to powertrain, braking, steering, entertainment, and air conditioning systems. As automotive electronics technology advances rapidly, the demand for vehicle communication systems is also on the rise. The communication speed and transmission range of Automotive Bus is set to improve, with an increasing integration of diverse bus technologies into hybrid networks to enhance overall system performance and reliability. This evolution is driving the development and application of various Automotive Bus technologies, which are essential for improving the overall performance and user experience of vehicles.

Common Types and Features of Automotive Bus
CAN Bus
Introduction: The Controller Area Network (CAN) is a shared, two-wire serial communication bus developed by Bosch in 1983.
Features: It offers a maximum transmission rate of 1MBit/s, and has non-destructive arbitration, distributed real-time control, and reliable error handling and detection mechanisms.

CAN-FD Bus
Introduction: CAN with Flexible Data Rate (CAN-FD) is an upgrade to CAN, retaining its core features while addressing the limitations in data length and bandwidth.
Features: It supports higher data transmission rates and allows for a maximum data length of 64 bytes.

LIN Bus
Introduction: The Local Interconnect Network (LIN) is a low-cost serial communication network based on the universal UART interface.
Features: Almost all microcontrollers have the necessary hardware for LIN, and slave nodes can achieve self-synchronization without quartz or ceramic oscillators, reducing hardware costs for devices.

FlexRay Bus
Introduction: FlexRay is a standard protocol promoted by an alliance formed by BMW, DaimlerChrysler, Philips, and Motorola, primarily used for drive-by-wire operations.
Features: It offers high bandwidth and fault tolerance, uses dual-channel communication for redundancy, and has configurable message lengths for high flexibility.

MOST Bus
Introduction: Media Oriented System Transport (MOST) is a media-oriented serial transmission technology specifically developed for in-vehicle use.
Features: It is mainly used for multimedia transmission and supports high-speed data transfer, suitable for navigation and entertainment systems.

Automotive Bus
Introduction: Ethernet in vehicles is a new generation of in-vehicle local area network communication technology based on Ethernet technology.
Features: It is characterized by high speed, high reliability, low latency, and low electromagnetic radiation. It supports data transfer rates of up to 100Mbps or even 1Gbps, significantly exceeding the capabilities of CAN.

HSD Cables
Introduction: The High-Speed-Data (HSD) connection system is a fully shielded interconnect system. HSD cables feature a 4-conductor (4C) shielded structure primarily used for high-speed data transmission, such as meeting the high-frequency data requirements in automotive applications. With a characteristic impedance of 100Ω, it provides two pairs of differential signal pairs for the automotive industry. It can transmit data based on low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) and is widely used in automotive infotainment modules, cameras, and head-up displays. It is also compatible with USB2.0/3.0 and Ethernet standards (10Base-T1s, 100BASE-TX, 100BASE-T1, 1000BASE-T1, BroadR-Reach), offering high shielding efficiency. In surround-view ADAS system applications, cameras connect to the wiring harness via Fakra connectors, with the other end of the harness connected to HFM (Mini-Fakra) connectors, allowing the captured data to be transmitted to the vehicle's surround-view system (AVM). The data is then conveyed to the host via an HSD connector and finally to the display screen through an HSD connection cable.

New Energy Electric Vehicle (EV) Cables and Wires
New engergy Electric vehicle (EV) cables and wires play a pivotal role in the EV industry, with their performance and quality directly impacting the safety and functionality of the entire vehicle.

The Significance of EV Cables and Wires
EV cables and wires are integral to the vehicle's charging systems, motor control systems, and onboard electronic devices. They must possess good heat resistance, cold resistance, corrosion resistance, and high conductivity to ensure stable operation of the vehicle under various harsh conditions.

Types of EV Cables and Wires
1. Charging Station Cables: These high-voltage wires connect charging stations to electric vehicles and typically have a larger cross-sectional area and higher rated current.
2. Fast Charging Harnesses: These connect the fast-charging port to the high-voltage box.
3. Slow Charging Harnesses: These connect the slow-charging port to the onboard charger.
4. Motor Winding Cables: Used for the windings of electric vehicle motors, these cables require superior insulation and heat resistance.
5. Signal Transmission Cables: Responsible for transmitting various vehicle signals, such as control and data signals, these cables need to have good anti-interference capabilities and low loss characteristics.
6. High-Voltage Battery Cables: These connect the high-voltage battery to the high-voltage box.
7. Motor Controller Cables: These connect the high-voltage box to the motor controller.
8. High-Voltage Auxiliary Harnesses: These connect the high-voltage box to various components such as DC/DC converters, onboard chargers, air conditioning compressors, and air conditioning PTCs.

Characteristics and Specifications of Wire Harnesses
Electrical Current Resistance: Wire harnesses are designed to accommodate varying levels of electrical current, with common ratings of 250A, and in some high-power electric motors, they can reach up to 400A.
Temperature Resistance: They are available in different temperature resistance grades, including 125°C, 150°C, and 200°C. Typically, for high-temperature applications, wires that can withstand 150°C are chosen, while for low-temperature conditions, wires that can endure -40°C are selected.
Shielding Performance: The entire high-voltage wire harness circuit is shielded to reduce the impact of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and radio frequency interference (RFI) on the vehicle's systems.

Specifications and Applications of Charging Cables
Home Electric Vehicles: These usually come with alternating current (AC) charging cables, which are available in 32A and 16A current ratings.
DC Fast Charging Capability: The cables for this feature are provided by the charging station and typically have specifications of 120A and 200A, depending on the power configuration of the charging station.
Charging Cable Specifications: Both 2.5 mm² and 4 square meter cables are suitable for high-power electrical products, with the specific choice depending on the charging current and distance considerations.
Key Technologies and Materials in New Energy Electric Vehicle Wires and Cables
Flame-Retardant Materials: To enhance safety, many new energy vehicle wires and cables are made with flame-retardant materials to prevent fire accidents.
Shielding Technology: Some new energy vehicle wires and cables incorporate shielding technology to effectively protect against electromagnetic interference, thereby improving the stability of signal transmission.

Market Status and Development Trends of New Energy Electric Vehicle Wires and Cables
With the rapid growth of the new energy vehicle market, the demand for new energy vehicle wires and cables is also increasing. By 2024, the annual sales of new energy vehicles are expected to exceed 17 million units, which is 50 times the 350,000 units sold in 2014. Looking ahead, the development trend for new energy vehicle wires and cables will focus more on enhancing performance, intelligent driving, environmental protection, and safety.

Conclusion
New energy electric vehicle EV wires and cables are a crucial component of the new energy vehicle industry chain, and their performance and quality directly affect the safety and performance of the entire vehicle. As the new energy electric vehicle market continues to expand rapidly, the market demand for new energy electric vehicle wires and cables is also growing, indicating a promising market outlook.

Applicable cables: CAT5 / CAT5E / CAT6 / CAT6A / CAT7 / CAT8

CAT Network Cables
CAT network cables, also known as twisted-pair cables, are the common and widely used type of network cables. They include various standards such as Cat5e, Cat6, Cat6a, and Cat7, each with distinct performance characteristics and application scenarios.

Classification by Shielding Type
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP): The majority of network cables in use are of this type. While they cannot completely resist external interference, they employ a method of introducing interference signals. These signals are coupled magnetically on the conductors, and the closely twisted pairs absorb the interference, generating a common-mode signal. At the receiver's end, this signal can be canceled out by differential lines, allowing the original signal to be analyzed.
Shielded Twisted Pair (FTP): These cables offer good resistance to interference and are suitable for environments with high levels of electromagnetic interference.

Structural Features of Network Cables
Twisted-Pair Cable Structure:
Twisted-pair cables are transmission media that resemble telephone lines, with each wire insulated and color-coded for identification. The purpose of twisting two conductors together is to cancel out a form of electromagnetic interference (EMI) from other pairs and external sources.
To prevent interference between pairs, each pair is twisted at a different rate. Typically, the white-orange/orange pair is twisted tightly, while the white-brown/brown pair is sparsely arranged.
Twisted pairs are sensitive to electromagnetic interference and can even fail. The integrity of the twist is a crucial factor, and it must be maintained during installation. Repeated handling can alter the twist pitch, potentially leading to cable failure. To control the twist of the pairs, solutions such as heavy-duty network cables or bonded-pair cables are employed.

Performance Characteristics of Different Types of CAT Network Cables
Cat5e (Enhanced Category 5e Network Cable)
The performance of Cat5e cables has significantly improved compared to Cat5 cables. They offer reduced attenuation, lower crosstalk, and a higher ACR, as well as better signal-to-noise ratio and smaller time delay differences. With a maximum bandwidth of 100MHz and a standard 24AWG gauge, these cables are suitable for Gigabit Ethernet networks and can meet the daily network needs of most homes and offices.

Cat6 (Category 6 Network Cable)
The transmission performance of Cat6 cables far exceeds the Enhanced Category 5e standard, making them ideal for Gigabit-speed network transmission applications. With a transmission bandwidth of 250MHz, these cables show improved performance in crosstalk and return loss compared to Enhanced Category 5e cables. The good return loss performance is crucial for new-generation full-duplex high-speed network applications, and they are suitable for applications with transmission rates above 1Gbps.

Cat6a (Enhanced Category 6 Network Cable)
As an improvement over Cat6, Cat6a cables are primarily used in ten gigabit networks. They have significantly better performance in external crosstalk and other areas compared to Cat6 cables, with a transmission bandwidth of 500MHz and a maximum transmission speed of 10Gbps.

Cat7 (Category 7 Network Cable)
Unlike previous categories, Cat7 cables are shielded twisted pair cables, mainly used for 10 Gigabit Ethernet technology applications and development. With a minimum transmission bandwidth of 600MHz and a transmission rate of up to 10Gbps, each pair of wires in Cat7 cables has an individual shield, and all four pairs are enclosed in a common large shield. The additional shielding results in a larger cable diameter. In terms of connecting hardware, Cat7 systems require connectors to provide at least 60dB of combined near-end crosstalk at 600MHz for all wire pairs.

Cat8 (Category 8 Network Cable)
It is the new generation of double-shielded (SFTP) network cables. The Cat8 cables have two signal pairs and can support a bandwidth of 2000MHz, with transmission speeds reaching 40Gb/s. However, their maximum transmission distance is limited to 30 meters, making them suitable for short-distance connections in data centers between servers, switches, patch panels, and other equipment. Although they are suitable for data centers, high-speed, and bandwidth-intensive environments, they have a shorter transmission distance compared to Cat7/ Enhanced Cat7 cables, and far exceed the latter in terms of speed and frequency. And it also differs significantly from Enhanced Cat5e, Cat6/ Enhanced Cat6 cables in terms of rate, frequency, transmission distance, and applications.

Historical Development and Evolution of Different Types of CAT Network Cables
CAT1: The maximum frequency bandwidth of the cable is 750kHZ, used for alarm systems, or only for voice transmission (mainly used for telephone cables before the early 1980s), unlike data transmission.
CAT2: The maximum frequency bandwidth of the cable is 1MHZ, used for voice transmission and data transmission at a maximum rate of 4Mbps, commonly used in older token networks using the 4MBPS specification of the token passing protocol.
CAT3: The transmission frequency is 16MHz, the maximum transmission rate is10Mbps (10Mbit/s), mainly used for voice, 10Mbit/s Ethernet (10BASE - T) and 4Mbit/s token ring. The maximum segment length is 100m. It uses the RJ form of the connector, and has faded from the market now.
CAT4: The transmission frequency is 20MHz, used for voice transmission and data transmission at a maximum transmission rate of 16Mbps (referring to the 16Mbit/s token ring), mainly used for token-based LANs and 10BASE-T/100BASE-T. The maximum length of the network segment is 100m. It uses RJ connectors and has not been widely adopted.
CAT5: These cables boast a maximum frequency bandwidth of 100MHz and a data transfer rate of 100Mbps, suitable for voice transmission and data transfer at the 100Mbps speed. Predominantly used for 100BASE-T Ethernet, CAT5 cables have a maximum segment length of 100 meters and utilize the RJ-style connectors. Building upon the performance of CAT5, CAT5e cables are designed for gigabit Ethernet (1000Mbps) applications.
CAT6: With a transmission frequency range of 1MHz to 250MHz, CAT6 cabling systems ensure a substantial margin in Power Sum Alien Crosstalk Ratio (PS-ACR) at 200MHz, offering twice the bandwidth of Cat5e. Ideal for applications with data rates exceeding 1Gbps. The CAT6 cabling adheres to a star topology, with a maximum permanent link length of 90 meters and a channel length not exceeding 100 meters. CAT6e is an improvement of CAT6. The CAT6e cables maintain the same frequency range and maximum 1000Mbps data rate but enhance performance in terms of crosstalk, attenuation, and signal-to-noise ratio. They feature a cross-shaped separator between the four twisted pairs.
CAT7: Developed to accommodate 10 Gigabit Ethernet technology, CAT7 cables include a shield for each pair of wires and an additional common shield for all four pairs. In terms of the ability to connect hardware, the parameters of the Cat7 system require that the connection header at 600 MHZ when all pairs of wires provide at least 60 DB of integrated near-end string winding.
CAT8: The relevant standard was officially released by the Communications Industry Association of America (TIA) TR - 43 Committee in 2016 and is compliant with the IEEE802.3bq25G/40GBASE - T standard. The standard specifies the minimum transmission rate for Cat8 network cables to support 25Gbps and 40Gbps network cabling and is compliant with the ANSI/TIA - 568 - C.2-1 standard. It also specifies channel and permanent links for Cat8 network cables and includes limits for resistor imbalance, TCL and ELTCTL.

Application Scenarios for Different Types of CAT Network Cables
Cat5e: This type of cable is ideal for everyday network needs in homes and offices, such as general web browsing and file sharing. With the capability to support gigabit speeds, Cat5e is more than sufficient for typical network usage scenarios.
​Cat6: Often utilized in network environments that demand higher data rates and robust resistance to interference, such as data centers and corporate networks and home networks with higher network requirements. Cat6 boasts a transmission bandwidth of 250MHz, making it suitable for gigabit network applications and meeting the needs of more demanding network scenarios.
Cat6a: Thanks to its improved performance in external crosstalk and a transmission bandwidth of 500MHz, Cat6a is primarily used in 10-gigabit networks. It is particularly well-suited for large enterprise networks and data centers where high-speed and stable network transmission are critical.
Cat7: As a shielded twisted pair cable, Cat7 excels in applications involving 10Gigabit Ethernet technology. It performs well in long-distance transmissions, achieving 10Gbps distances up to 100 meters. This makes it ideal for high-speed and interference-resistant environments, such as premium data centers and professional network installations.
Cat8: Despite its limited maximum transmission distance of 30 meters, Cat8 supports a bandwidth of 2000MHz and a transfer rate of up to 40Gb/s. It is typically used for short-distance connections within data centers, such as between servers, switches, distribution panels, and other equipment, suitable for short-distance, high-speed data transmission scenarios within data centers.

PROFINET Industrial Ethernet Cables
Overview 
PROFINET cables are industrial Ethernet cables designed based on the PROFINET protocol, which are primarily used in various sectors such as industrial automation production, rail vehicles, and maritime vessels. These cables are compatible with multiple industrial Ethernet communication protocols, including EtherCAT and EtherNet/IP, ensuring stable and reliable transmission performance even in harsh industrial environments.

Applications
Industrial Automation Production: Used for wiring of machines, equipment, instruments, and control cabinets.
Rail Vehicles: Ensures stable and secure signal transmission in rail transit systems.
Maritime Vessels: Supports efficient data transmission in ship communication systems.

Types and Features
Type A
Features: Suitable for fixed applications, meeting the performance standards of CAT5e.
Applications: Primarily used for wiring in machines, equipment, instruments, and control cabinets.

Type B
Features: Designed for installations that may experience bending, capable of withstanding occasional movement or vibration.
Applications: Suitable for environments with potential bending, such as certain industrial automation equipment.

Type C
Features: Ideal for drag chain applications or frequently moving environments.
Applications: Suitable for motion control situations, such as robotic arms and other equipment requiring frequent movement.

Technical Specifications
Temperature Range: 
Fixed applications: -45°C to 120°C;
Mobile applications: -40°C to 110°C.
Conductor Operating Temperature: 120°C.
Test Voltage: 2000V/min (AC).
Characteristic Impedance: 100±15Ω.
Bending Radius: For fixed applications, it is 10D (D means cable diameter).

Construction
Conductor: Solid bare copper conductor, diameter is 0.64mm (22AWG/1).
Insulation: PE (Polyethylene).
Inner Sheath: TPE (Thermoplastic Elastomer).
Shielding: Aluminum foil shielding with tinned copper braiding.
Outer Sheath: Polyether-based polyurethane PUR.

Applicable cables: Robot cables, industrial drag chain cables, industrial control cables

Flexible Cables
Basic Concepts of Flexible Cables (Drag Chain Cables)
Flexible cables are the good choice for power transmission and signal transfer in motion systems that require frequent movement and bending. They are alternatively referred to as towed cables, mobile cables, robotic cables, and more. These cables are designed to protect electrical wires from entanglement, wear, pull-off, hanging, and disarray when equipment units move back and forth. They not only move with the drag chain but also possess high flexibility, making them resistant to damage. The conductor structure of flexible cables is primarily based on the twisted copper wire structure according to DIN, VDE 0295, and IEC 228 standards, while the sheath is often made of low viscosity, flexible, and wear-resistant materials to reduce wear and tear during continuous reciprocating movement.

Applications of Flexible Cables
Flexible cables are widely used across various industrial sectors, including but not limited to industrial electronic systems, automated production, warehousing equipment, robotics, fire protection systems, electric vehicles, cranes, numerical control machines, and metallurgical industries.

Classification of Flexible Cables
Flexible cables are categorized based on their functions, mainly into sensor/encoder cables, servo motor cables, robotic cables, clean cables, and drag chain cables.
Drag Chain Cables: These are designed for use within drag chains, moving and bending repeatedly with the system. They require high flexibility and resistance to bending, such as TRVV high-flexibility cables, which are known for their short lay length, good crosstalk resistance, and suitability for high-speed signal line configurations.
Encoder Cables: To ensure accurate signal transmission during the operation of encoders, specialized cables are necessary. Standard cables may suffer from issues with shielding layers, leading to the merging of multicore insulating layers, which can affect performance.
Power Cables: For instance, flexible drag chain cables like TRVV5*2.5 serve as power lines for flexible robotic arms. They are designed to be bend-resistant, oil-resistant, and pull-resistant, making them ideal for applications that require continuous, highly flexible movement, such as drag chain systems, robots, and mobile drive systems.

Types of Flexible Cables
Flexible cables can be broadly categorized into the following types based on their specifications:

A. Flexible Control Cables
1. PVC Sheath Flexible Control Chain Cables: Flame-retardant CC101, with a bend radius of 8X.
2. PVC Sheath Shielded Flexible Control Chain Cables: Flame-retardant CC111, with a bend radius of 10X.
3. PVC Sheath Flexible Control Chain Cables: Flame-retardant CC120, with a bend radius of 5X.
4. PVC Sheath Flexible Control Chain Cables: Flame-retardant CC121, with a bend radius of 8X.
5. PUR Sheath Flexible Control Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC127, with a bend radius of 8X.
6. PUR Sheath Flexible Control Shielded Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC117, with a bend radius of 10X.
7. Wire Braided Flexible Control Chain Cables: UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, CC158, with a bend radius of 10X.
8. PETP Sheath Flexible Control Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC160, with a bend radius of 5X.
9. PETP Sheath Flexible Control Shielded Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC133, with a bend radius of 10X.

B. Flexible Power Cables
1. PVC Sheath Flexible Power Chain Cables: Flame-retardant CC305, with a bend radius of 8X.
2. PVC Sheath Shielded Flexible Power Chain Cables: Flame-retardant CC336, with a bend radius of 10X.
3. PETP Sheath Flexible Shielded Power Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC358, with a bend radius of 10X.
4. PETP Sheath Shielded Flexible Power Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC371, with a bend radius of 8X.​

C. Flexible Data Bus Cables
1. PVC Sheath Shielded Data Chain Cables: CC41, with a bend radius of 8X.
2. PUR Sheath Shielded Data Chain Cable: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC43, with a bend radius of 10X.
3. PETP Sheath Shielded Data Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC46, with a bend radius of 10X.
4. PETP Sheath Shielded Data Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC48, with a bend radius of 12X.

D. Flexible Servo Cables
PUR Sheath Shielded Servo Chain Cables: Oil-resistant, acid and alkali-resistant, hydrolysis-resistant, UV-resistant, low-temperature resistant, wear-resistant, flame-retardant CC46, with a bend radius of 10X.

The Internal Structure Features of Flexible Cables
Drag chain cables are meticulously designed with several critical factors in mind to ensure their reliability and durability under harsh conditions:
1. Tensile Center
The cable's core is engineered to have a true central line filling, which is determined by the number of cores and the space within the cross-sectional area of each conductor. This method effectively safeguards the stranding structure, preventing it from shifting towards the center of the cable.
2. Conductor Configuration
The selection of the flexible conductor is crucial. Generally, the finer the conductor, the more flexible the cable. However, excessively fine conductors can lead to tangling. Extensive experiments have identified the optimal diameter, length, and longitudinal shielding combination for individual wires, which offer the good tensile strength.
3. Insulation of Core Wires
The insulation materials within the cable must not adhere to each other and should support each single conductor. Only high-pressure molded PVC or TPE materials have proven their reliability in applications involving millions of meters of drag chain cables.

4. Stranded Wire
The stranding structure must be wound around a stable tensile center with the good lay length. Due to the application of insulation materials, the stranding should be designed according to the movement state, with a bundle stranding method applied from 12 core wires onwards.
5. Inner and Outer Sheaths
1) Inner Sheath: Armored extrusion-molded inner sheaths replace inexpensive wool materials, fillers, ensuring that the stranding structure remains intact.
2) Outer Sheath: Outer sheaths made from various modified materials offer different functionalities, such as UV resistance, low-temperature resistance, oil resistance, and cost optimization. All outer sheaths possess high wear resistance and do not adhere to any substances.

Performance Characteristics of Flexible Cables
1. High Flexibility: Designed with a special flexible structure, such as using fine bare copper multi-strand wires for the core, double-stranded core wires, and some with a torsion-resistant structure that includes a reinforcement core in the middle, these cables can stably and reliably adapt to actions like lifting, coiling, and deployment. They are not easily damaged under frequent bending and are widely applicable in various environments requiring bending, such as woodworking machinery and logistics conveying equipment.
2. Bending Resistance: Capable of withstanding numerous bending cycles without breaking, with a bending lifespan exceeding 5 million cycles, meeting the demands of high-speed reciprocating movement environments or situations with frequent bending.
3. Abrasion Resistance: The sheath, often made of wear-resistant materials, reduces wear and tear during continuous reciprocating movement, thereby extending the service life of the cable.
4. Weather Resistance: Suitable for various climatic conditions, these cables can operate normally in high or low temperatures, as well as in humid environments.
5. Tear Resistance: Not easily torn under external forces, ensuring the integrity and proper functioning of the cable.

Precautions for the Use of Flexible Cable
Laying Requirements:
1. When installing flexible cables, it is crucial to avoid twisting them. Instead of unraveling the cable from one end of the cable drum or reel, the drum or reel should be rotated to lay the cable out. If necessary, the cable can be laid out or suspended. Cables for this purpose should be taken directly from the cable reel.
2. Attention must be paid to the minimum bending radius of the cable to prevent damage due to excessive bending. 
3. Cables should be laid out loosely side by side within the cable chain, separated as much as possible. They can be separated by spacers or threaded through the gaps in the support brackets. The space between cables in the chain should be at least 10% of the cable's diameter, and cables must not touch or become entangled with each other.
4. Both ends of the cable must be secured, or at least the moving end within the cable chain must be secured. Generally, the distance from the moving point of the cable to the end of the chain should be 20 to 30 times the cable's diameter.
5. Ensure that the cable can move freely within the bending radius without forcing it, allowing relative movement between the cables and the guiding device.
6.  Maintenance and Replacement: If the cable chain breaks, its cables should also be replaced, as damage from excessive stretching is inevitable.

Well-known Brands on the Market
As a vital industrial component, the design and use of cable chains are essential for ensuring the stable operation of equipment and the safety of personnel. There are numerous brands of cable chains available on the market, with some well-known brands earning high reputations for their quality: such as IGUS from Germany, LAPP, HELU, E&E, and CONKABLE. These brands typically offer good wear resistance, anti-aging, and anti-twisting capabilities, maintaining stable performance in various harsh working environments.